This contribution traces three interconnected evolutions that characterise the transformation of Flemish nationalism into autochthony as Flemings obtained more cultural autonomy, the cultural influence of the Flemish Movement declined and Flemish nationalists started radicalising their political demands; as Flemings obtained more political autonomy, demands for greater economic autonomy started extending beyond the Flemish-nationalist fringe; and as Flanders became more autonomous in relation to the federal state, Flemings started identifying increasingly with a new Flemish culture. In the process, both allochtons and Francophone Belgians came to be construed as Flanders' ultimate others .