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    Real-Time Detection of the Ground Level Enhancement 74 (GLE74) Event on 11 May 2024 by the A.Ne.Mo.S. GLE Alert++ System

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    Gerontidou(2026a).pdf (5.216Mb)
    Authors
    Gerontidou, M.
    Crosby, N.B.
    Mavromichalaki, H.
    Papailiou, M.-C.
    Paschalis, P.
    Dierckxsens, M.
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    Discipline
    Physical sciences
    Subject
    cosmic rays
    ground level enhancements
    solar energetic particles
    solar flares
    coronal mass ejections
    GLE alert
    Audience
    Scientific
    Date
    2026
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Description
    During a period of intense solar activity and highly disturbed geomagnetic conditions, a large Forbush decrease began on 10 May 2024 accompanied by a historic geomagnetic storm that lasted for four days. This extreme geomagnetic disturbance classified as G5 according to “NOAA Space Weather Scale for Geomagnetic Storms” is referred to in the literature as the Mother’s Day Storm. This resulted from multiple, at least seven, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) that had been occurring since 7 May. In addition, on 11 May, a powerful X5.8 class solar flare, reaching its maximum at 01:32 UT, was followed by an abrupt increase in proton flux with energies > 100 MeV (with onset on 11 May at 01:45 UT and peaking at 02:45 UT), as recorded by GOES satellites. This resulted in a Ground Level Enhancement (GLE), identified as GLE74, occurring on 11 May 2024 during the recovery phase of the deep Forbush decrease (~15%). This Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) event consisted of both impulsive and gradual components, where the high-energy tail of the gradual component was recorded by several stations of the worldwide ground-based neutron monitor network. Approximately 15 minutes after the onset of the SEP event and 40 minutes prior to its peak, an alert was issued by the GLE Alert++ system of the Athens Neutron Monitor Station of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), available as a federated product on the ESA SWE Portal under the Space Radiation Expert Service Centre. In this paper, a description of the solar activity, i.e., solar flares and CMEs, occurring during this time period is given. Moreover, recordings of cosmic ray data obtained by ground-based neutron monitors are used to perform a detailed analysis of GLE74. Finally, the response of the NKUA GLE Alert++ system to GLE74 is thoroughly presented.
    Citation
    Gerontidou, M.; Crosby, N.B.; Mavromichalaki, H.; Papailiou, M.-C.; Paschalis, P.; Dierckxsens, M. (2026). Real-Time Detection of the Ground Level Enhancement 74 (GLE74) Event on 11 May 2024 by the A.Ne.Mo.S. GLE Alert++ System. , Universe, Vol. 12, Issue 2, A41, DOI: 10.3390/universe12020041.
    Identifiers
    uri: https://orfeo.belnet.be/handle/internal/14568
    doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe12020041
    url:
    Type
    Article
    Peer-Review
    Yes
    Language
    eng
    Links
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