Big Data became a familiar concept in the 21st century. However, the sciences of the universe were the first to use large numbers and to relate databases between themselves. Astronomical tables existed in high antiquity, but it was at the library and museum of Alexandria, in the Hellenistic period, that the first attempt to regroup them, preserve them, and develop their use was made. Similarly, for meteorology, after the pioneering work of Aristotle, Alexandria took the relay. In the Middle Ages, this effort continued in the Islamic work until during the European Renaissance, technological advances such as printing, the telescope, and accurate chronometers led to significant progress. Meteorology exploded in the 19th century by the establishment of international networks and the use of the electric telegraph. Earth observations are outside this history because their real start coincides with the satellite age and the use of digital sensors. This chapter present this early use of Big Data and their relationship with the present version of the related sciences.